Infertility affects approximately 1 in 6 couples globally, making it a far more common challenge than many might think. Despite its prevalence, infertility remains a sensitive and often misunderstood topic. Understanding the potential causes of infertility can help alleviate some of the anxiety surrounding the process, while also providing a clearer path forward. This article will outline some of the most common infertility diagnoses for both men and women, explaining their causes, symptoms, and available treatment options. Infertility in Women Infertility in women can stem from a variety of conditions that impact ovulation, egg quality, or the reproductive organs. Below are some of the most frequently diagnosed causes: 1. Polycystic Ovary Syndrome (PCOS) PCOS is one of the most common causes of infertility, affecting approximately 1 in 10 women of reproductive age. This hormonal disorder disrupts normal ovulation, often resulting in irregular or absent menstrual cycles. Additionally, women with PCOS may develop small cysts on their ovaries, although not all women with the condition will experience this symptom.Symptoms: Why It Causes Infertility:PCOS leads to an overproduction of androgens (male hormones), which interfere with the development and release of eggs during ovulation. Without regular ovulation, conception becomes difficult. Treatment Options: 2. Endometriosis Endometriosis is a condition where tissue similar to the lining of the uterus (endometrium) grows outside the uterus, often on the ovaries, fallopian tubes, and pelvic lining. This condition affects about 10% of women globally and can cause pain, inflammation, and scar tissue, all of which may interfere with fertility.Symptoms: Why It Causes Infertility:Endometrial tissue can block the fallopian tubes, preventing the egg and sperm from meeting. In severe cases, it can also affect the ovaries, leading to the formation of cysts that impair egg quality. Treatment Options: 3. Diminished Ovarian Reserve (DOR) DOR refers to a lower number or quality of eggs in the ovaries, which naturally occurs with age but can also result from genetic factors, medical conditions, or previous surgeries. Symptoms: Why It Causes Infertility:Fewer eggs mean fewer chances for successful fertilization and implantation. Egg quality is also critical, as chromosomal abnormalities increase with age. Treatment Options: Infertility in Men Male infertility accounts for nearly 40-50% of all infertility cases. The most common causes involve issues with sperm production, function, or delivery. 1. Low Sperm Count (Oligospermia) Oligospermia refers to a sperm count below the normal range, which is typically defined as fewer than 15 million sperm per milliliter of semen. Causes: Treatment Options: 2. Poor Sperm Motility (Asthenospermia) Even if sperm count is normal, poor motility (movement) can prevent sperm from reaching and fertilizing the egg. Causes: Treatment Options: 3. Genetic Abnormalities Genetic factors can impair sperm production, leading to infertility. Treatment Options: Unexplained Infertility Sometimes, despite thorough testing, no clear cause of infertility is found. This accounts for 10-15% of infertility cases. Treatment Options: When to Seek Help Empowering Your Journey Infertility is a challenge, but with the right support and medical advances, parenthood is often possible. Taking the first step toward diagnosis and treatment is key to finding the best path forward.